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Surface weather observation
Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide.〔Office of the Federal Coordinator of Meteorology. (Surface Weather Observation Program. ) Retrieved on 2008-01-12.〕 They can be taken manually, by a weather observer, by computer through the use of automated weather stations, or in a hybrid scheme using weather observers to augment the otherwise automated weather station. The ICAO defines the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), which is the model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere, and is used to reduce a station pressure to sea level pressure. Airport observations can be transmitted worldwide through the use of the METAR observing code. Personal weather stations taking automated observations can transmit their data to the United States mesonet through the Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), the UK Met Office through their Weather Observations Website (WOW),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WOW - A new weather website for everyone )〕 or internationally through the Weather Underground Internet site.〔Weather Underground. (Personal Weather Station. ) Retrieved on 2008-03-09.〕 A thirty-year average of a location's weather observations is traditionally used to determine the station's climate.〔MetOffice. (Climate Averages. ) Retrieved on 2008-03-09.〕
==Airports==
Surface weather observations have traditionally been taken at airports due to safety concerns during takeoffs and landings. The ICAO defines the International Standard Atmosphere (also known as ICAO Standard Atmosphere), which is the model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with elevation/altitude in the Earth's atmosphere. This is useful in calibrating instruments and designing aircraft,〔ICAO, ''(Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)) )'', Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993, ISBN 92-9194-004-6〕 and is used to reduce a station's pressure to sea level pressure (SLP) where it can then be used on weather maps.〔Patricia M. Pauley. (An Example of Uncertainty in Sea Level Pressure Reduction. ) Retrieved on 2008-03-29.〕
In the United States, the FAA mandates the taking of weather observations at larger airports for safety reasons. To help facilitate the purchase of an automated airport weather station, such as ASOS, the FAA allows federal dollars to be used for the installation of certified weather stations at airports.〔Allweatherinc. (Why buy an AWOS? ) Retrieved on 2008-01-12.〕 The airport observations are then transmitted worldwide using the METAR observing code. METAR reports typically come from airports or permanent weather observation stations. Reports are generated once an hour; however, if conditions change significantly, they may be updated in special reports called SPECIEs.〔National Climatic Data Center. (METAR Home Page. ) Retrieved on 2008-01-12.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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